European Life Cycle Assessment Results & Fact Sheets

European Life Cycle Assessment Results and Fact Sheets

Below you will find Green NCAP’s latest LCA results, sorted by the year of publication and by make in alphabetical order. The applied methodology is not yet suitable for producing a vehicle ranking. The analysis is based on publicly available data about global generic supply chains and does not consider the production or recycling processes of specific vehicle manufacturer brands. By using high-level statistical data, vehicle types can be more easily compared, but some manufacturers may calculate results differently based on specific in-house car model data. Green NCAP encourages the disclosure of brand and model-specific, certified LCA results.

The 2022-2023 latest updated results reflect the further development of the LCA methodology and data used. Compared to last year’s release, the calculations consider the increasing share of battery production in Europe and use the forecast of the energy supply in the period 2022-2037. Furthermore, the vehicle maintenance model has been improved and amongst other points, now considers urea usage for diesel-powertrains. The methodology used to calculate 2020 and 2021 results can be found here.

To allow for a general comparison, our analysis assumes a vehicle lifetime of 16 years and an estimated mileage of 240,000 km. The calculations are based on the current forecast about changing average energy mix of the 27 EU Member States and the UK. More detailed LCA information for each car is available in the downloadable fact sheet for the vehicle.

All values in the table below are approximate

2023	Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions			Total Primary Energy Demand
Make & Model	Average	Best	Worst	Average	Best	Worst	LCA Fact Sheet
BMW 2 Series Active Tourer 220i… 220i petrol FWD automatic	Average Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 54 tons CO₂-eq	Best Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 49 tons CO₂-eq	Worst Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 61 tons CO₂-eq	Average Total Primary Energy Demand 217 MWh	Best Total Primary Energy Demand 195 MWh	Worst Total Primary Energy Demand 244 MWh	LCA Fact Sheet
Kia Picanto GT-line… GT-line petrol FWD manual	Average Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 46 tons CO₂-eq	Best Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 43 tons CO₂-eq	Worst Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 62 tons CO₂-eq	Average Total Primary Energy Demand 187 MWh	Best Total Primary Energy Demand 174 MWh	Worst Total Primary Energy Demand 250 MWh	LCA Fact Sheet
Opel/Vauxhall Mokka 1.5… 1.5 diesel FWD manual	Average Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 45 tons CO₂-eq	Best Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 39 tons CO₂-eq	Worst Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 59 tons CO₂-eq	Average Total Primary Energy Demand 179 MWh	Best Total Primary Energy Demand 154 MWh	Worst Total Primary Energy Demand 233 MWh	LCA Fact Sheet
VW Touran 1.5 TSI OPF… 1.5 TSI OPF petrol FWD manual	Average Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 60 tons CO₂-eq	Best Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 52 tons CO₂-eq	Worst Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 67 tons CO₂-eq	Average Total Primary Energy Demand 242 MWh	Best Total Primary Energy Demand 210 MWh	Worst Total Primary Energy Demand 271 MWh	LCA Fact Sheet

All values in the table below are approximate

2022	Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions			Total Primary Energy Demand
Make & Model	Average	Best	Worst	Average	Best	Worst	LCA Fact Sheet
Audi Q4 e-Tron Sportback 50 quattro… Sportback 50 quattro electric AWD automatic	Average Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 36 tons CO₂-eq	Best Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 33 tons CO₂-eq	Worst Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 41 tons CO₂-eq	Average Total Primary Energy Demand 204 MWh	Best Total Primary Energy Demand 184 MWh	Worst Total Primary Energy Demand 244 MWh	LCA Fact Sheet
Cupra Born 170 kW e-Boost electric… 170 kW e-Boost electric RWD automatic	Average Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 30 tons CO₂-eq	Best Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 28 tons CO₂-eq	Worst Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 38 tons CO₂-eq	Average Total Primary Energy Demand 177 MWh	Best Total Primary Energy Demand 158 MWh	Worst Total Primary Energy Demand 238 MWh	LCA Fact Sheet
Dacia Spring 33 kW electric… 33 kW electric FWD automatic	Average Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 21 tons CO₂-eq	Best Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 18 tons CO₂-eq	Worst Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 24 tons CO₂-eq	Average Total Primary Energy Demand 134 MWh	Best Total Primary Energy Demand 110 MWh	Worst Total Primary Energy Demand 158 MWh	LCA Fact Sheet
DS 4 PureTech 225… PureTech 225 petrol FWD automatic	Average Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 62 tons CO₂-eq	Best Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 55 tons CO₂-eq	Worst Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 73 tons CO₂-eq	Average Total Primary Energy Demand 248 MWh	Best Total Primary Energy Demand 222 MWh	Worst Total Primary Energy Demand 295 MWh	LCA Fact Sheet
FIAT 500 Hybrid 1.0 GSE… Hybrid 1.0 GSE petrol FWD manual	Average Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 43 tons CO₂-eq	Best Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 38 tons CO₂-eq	Worst Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 50 tons CO₂-eq	Average Total Primary Energy Demand 172 MWh	Best Total Primary Energy Demand 155 MWh	Worst Total Primary Energy Demand 200 MWh	LCA Fact Sheet
Ford Focus 1.0 EcoBoost Mild Hybrid… 1.0 EcoBoost Mild Hybrid petrol FWD manual	Average Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 51 tons CO₂-eq	Best Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 47 tons CO₂-eq	Worst Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 57 tons CO₂-eq	Average Total Primary Energy Demand 205 MWh	Best Total Primary Energy Demand 190 MWh	Worst Total Primary Energy Demand 229 MWh	LCA Fact Sheet
Ford Puma 1.0 EcoBoost E85… 1.0 EcoBoost Flexifuel Ethanol Mode E85 FWD manual	Average Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 38 tons CO₂-eq	Best Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 31 tons CO₂-eq	Worst Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 43 tons CO₂-eq	Average Total Primary Energy Demand 322 MWh	Best Total Primary Energy Demand 255 MWh	Worst Total Primary Energy Demand 373 MWh	LCA Fact Sheet
Ford Puma 1.0 EcoBoost E10… 1.0 EcoBoost Flexifuel Petrol Mode E10 FWD manual	Average Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 51 tons CO₂-eq	Best Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 47 tons CO₂-eq	Worst Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 59 tons CO₂-eq	Average Total Primary Energy Demand 206 MWh	Best Total Primary Energy Demand 188 MWh	Worst Total Primary Energy Demand 236 MWh	LCA Fact Sheet
Genesis G70 Shooting Brake 2.2… Shooting Brake 2.2 diesel RWD automatic	Average Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 67 tons CO₂-eq	Best Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 58 tons CO₂-eq	Worst Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 73 tons CO₂-eq	Average Total Primary Energy Demand 261 MWh	Best Total Primary Energy Demand 227 MWh	Worst Total Primary Energy Demand 287 MWh	LCA Fact Sheet
Genesis GV70 2.5 TGDI… 2.5 TGDI petrol AWD automatic	Average Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 83 tons CO₂-eq	Best Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 76 tons CO₂-eq	Worst Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 91 tons CO₂-eq	Average Total Primary Energy Demand 334 MWh	Best Total Primary Energy Demand 306 MWh	Worst Total Primary Energy Demand 368 MWh	LCA Fact Sheet
Honda HR-V 1.5 i-MMD Hybrid… 1.5 i-MMD hybrid FWD cvt	Average Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 53 tons CO₂-eq	Best Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 43 tons CO₂-eq	Worst Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 68 tons CO₂-eq	Average Total Primary Energy Demand 215 MWh	Best Total Primary Energy Demand 172 MWh	Worst Total Primary Energy Demand 273 MWh	LCA Fact Sheet
Hyundai BAYON 1.0 T-GDI 48V… 1.0 T-GDI 48V petrol FWD automatic	Average Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 50 tons CO₂-eq	Best Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 42 tons CO₂-eq	Worst Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 61 tons CO₂-eq	Average Total Primary Energy Demand 200 MWh	Best Total Primary Energy Demand 166 MWh	Worst Total Primary Energy Demand 246 MWh	LCA Fact Sheet
Hyundai IONIQ 5 58 kWh electric… 58 kWh electric RWD automatic	Average Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 32 tons CO₂-eq	Best Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 28 tons CO₂-eq	Worst Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 40 tons CO₂-eq	Average Total Primary Energy Demand 186 MWh	Best Total Primary Energy Demand 159 MWh	Worst Total Primary Energy Demand 253 MWh	LCA Fact Sheet
Hyundai TUCSON HEV 1.6 T-GDI Hybrid… HEV 1.6 T-GDI hybrid FWD automatic	Average Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 58 tons CO₂-eq	Best Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 50 tons CO₂-eq	Worst Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 74 tons CO₂-eq	Average Total Primary Energy Demand 232 MWh	Best Total Primary Energy Demand 199 MWh	Worst Total Primary Energy Demand 298 MWh	LCA Fact Sheet
Kia Sportage 1.6 T-GDi 48V… 1.6 T-GDi 48V petrol AWD automatic	Average Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 65 tons CO₂-eq	Best Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 59 tons CO₂-eq	Worst Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 75 tons CO₂-eq	Average Total Primary Energy Demand 262 MWh	Best Total Primary Energy Demand 236 MWh	Worst Total Primary Energy Demand 302 MWh	LCA Fact Sheet
Land Rover Range Rover D350… D350 diesel AWD automatic	Average Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 86 tons CO₂-eq	Best Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 79 tons CO₂-eq	Worst Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 96 tons CO₂-eq	Average Total Primary Energy Demand 335 MWh	Best Total Primary Energy Demand 307 MWh	Worst Total Primary Energy Demand 374 MWh	LCA Fact Sheet
Lynk & Co 01 192 kW plug-in hybrid… 192 kW plug-in hybrid FWD automatic	Average Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 48 tons CO₂-eq	Best Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 35 tons CO₂-eq	Worst Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 78 tons CO₂-eq	Average Total Primary Energy Demand 227 MWh	Best Total Primary Energy Demand 162 MWh	Worst Total Primary Energy Demand 379 MWh	LCA Fact Sheet
Mercedes-Benz T-Class T180 96kW… T180 96kW petrol FWD automatic	Average Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 64 tons CO₂-eq	Best Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 56 tons CO₂-eq	Worst Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 74 tons CO₂-eq	Average Total Primary Energy Demand 256 MWh	Best Total Primary Energy Demand 225 MWh	Worst Total Primary Energy Demand 298 MWh	LCA Fact Sheet
NIO ET7 480 kW electric… 480 kW electric AWD automatic	Average Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 35 tons CO₂-eq	Best Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 33 tons CO₂-eq	Worst Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 42 tons CO₂-eq	Average Total Primary Energy Demand 193 MWh	Best Total Primary Energy Demand 176 MWh	Worst Total Primary Energy Demand 250 MWh	LCA Fact Sheet
Nissan Qashqai 1.3 DIG-T 158 MT… 1.3 DIG-T 158 MT Mild Hybrid petrol FWD cvt	Average Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 59 tons CO₂-eq	Best Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 54 tons CO₂-eq	Worst Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 69 tons CO₂-eq	Average Total Primary Energy Demand 239 MWh	Best Total Primary Energy Demand 218 MWh	Worst Total Primary Energy Demand 279 MWh	LCA Fact Sheet
Peugeot 308 1.2 PureTech 130… 1.2 PureTech 130 petrol FWD automatic	Average Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 54 tons CO₂-eq	Best Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 49 tons CO₂-eq	Worst Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 64 tons CO₂-eq	Average Total Primary Energy Demand 218 MWh	Best Total Primary Energy Demand 196 MWh	Worst Total Primary Energy Demand 256 MWh	LCA Fact Sheet
Renault Kangoo TCe 130… TCe 130 petrol FWD manual	Average Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 63 tons CO₂-eq	Best Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 58 tons CO₂-eq	Worst Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 72 tons CO₂-eq	Average Total Primary Energy Demand 254 MWh	Best Total Primary Energy Demand 232 MWh	Worst Total Primary Energy Demand 289 MWh	LCA Fact Sheet
Renault Megane E-Tech EV60, 160 kW electric… EV60, 160 kW electric FWD automatic	Average Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 28 tons CO₂-eq	Best Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 26 tons CO₂-eq	Worst Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 35 tons CO₂-eq	Average Total Primary Energy Demand 167 MWh	Best Total Primary Energy Demand 147 MWh	Worst Total Primary Energy Demand 222 MWh	LCA Fact Sheet
SEAT Ibiza 1.0 TSI 81 kW… 1.0 TSI 81 kW petrol FWD automatic	Average Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 51 tons CO₂-eq	Best Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 47 tons CO₂-eq	Worst Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 56 tons CO₂-eq	Average Total Primary Energy Demand 204 MWh	Best Total Primary Energy Demand 188 MWh	Worst Total Primary Energy Demand 225 MWh	LCA Fact Sheet
Škoda Fabia 1.0 MPI… 1.0 MPI petrol FWD manual	Average Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 45 tons CO₂-eq	Best Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 34 tons CO₂-eq	Worst Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 49 tons CO₂-eq	Average Total Primary Energy Demand 180 MWh	Best Total Primary Energy Demand 137 MWh	Worst Total Primary Energy Demand 197 MWh	LCA Fact Sheet
Subaru Outback 2.5i Lineartronic… 2.5i Lineartronic petrol AWD cvt	Average Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 72 tons CO₂-eq	Best Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 66 tons CO₂-eq	Worst Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 86 tons CO₂-eq	Average Total Primary Energy Demand 291 MWh	Best Total Primary Energy Demand 264 MWh	Worst Total Primary Energy Demand 345 MWh	LCA Fact Sheet
Tesla Model 3 208 kW electric… 208 kW electric RWD automatic	Average Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 28 tons CO₂-eq	Best Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 26 tons CO₂-eq	Worst Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 35 tons CO₂-eq	Average Total Primary Energy Demand 158 MWh	Best Total Primary Energy Demand 146 MWh	Worst Total Primary Energy Demand 216 MWh	LCA Fact Sheet
Toyota Aygo X 53 kW… 53 kW petrol FWD manual	Average Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 45 tons CO₂-eq	Best Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 28 tons CO₂-eq	Worst Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 55 tons CO₂-eq	Average Total Primary Energy Demand 179 MWh	Best Total Primary Energy Demand 113 MWh	Worst Total Primary Energy Demand 224 MWh	LCA Fact Sheet
Toyota Yaris Cross 1.5 Hybrid… 1.5 hybrid FWD CVT	Average Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 50 tons CO₂-eq	Best Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 39 tons CO₂-eq	Worst Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 66 tons CO₂-eq	Average Total Primary Energy Demand 201 MWh	Best Total Primary Energy Demand 158 MWh	Worst Total Primary Energy Demand 265 MWh	LCA Fact Sheet
VW Caddy 1.5 TSI… 1.5 TSI petrol FWD manual	Average Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 58 tons CO₂-eq	Best Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 53 tons CO₂-eq	Worst Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 66 tons CO₂-eq	Average Total Primary Energy Demand 234 MWh	Best Total Primary Energy Demand 214 MWh	Worst Total Primary Energy Demand 267 MWh	LCA Fact Sheet

All values in the table below are approximate

2021	Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions			Total Primary Energy Demand
Make & Model	Average	Best	Worst	Average	Best	Worst	LCA Fact Sheet
Audi A3 Sportback 1.5 TSI… Sportback 1.5 TSI petrol 4x2 automatic	Average Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 55 tons CO₂-eq	Best Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 52 tons CO₂-eq	Worst Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 61 tons CO₂-eq	Average Total Primary Energy Demand 218 MWh	Best Total Primary Energy Demand 209 MWh	Worst Total Primary Energy Demand 244 MWh	LCA Fact Sheet
Audi A3 Sportback 35 TDI… Sportback 35 TDI diesel 4x2 automatic	Average Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 47 tons CO₂-eq	Best Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 38 tons CO₂-eq	Worst Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 55 tons CO₂-eq	Average Total Primary Energy Demand 186 MWh	Best Total Primary Energy Demand 148 MWh	Worst Total Primary Energy Demand 219 MWh	LCA Fact Sheet
BMW 1 Series 118i… 118i petrol 4x2 manual	Average Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 53 tons CO₂-eq	Best Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 48 tons CO₂-eq	Worst Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 59 tons CO₂-eq	Average Total Primary Energy Demand 213 MWh	Best Total Primary Energy Demand 191 MWh	Worst Total Primary Energy Demand 235 MWh	LCA Fact Sheet
BMW X1 xDrive 18d… xDrive 18d diesel 4x4 automatic	Average Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 57 tons CO₂-eq	Best Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 51 tons CO₂-eq	Worst Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 68 tons CO₂-eq	Average Total Primary Energy Demand 224 MWh	Best Total Primary Energy Demand 198 MWh	Worst Total Primary Energy Demand 265 MWh	LCA Fact Sheet
Citroën C3 1.2 PureTech… 1.2 PureTech petrol 4x2 manual	Average Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 53 tons CO₂-eq	Best Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 42 tons CO₂-eq	Worst Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 61 tons CO₂-eq	Average Total Primary Energy Demand 213 MWh	Best Total Primary Energy Demand 169 MWh	Worst Total Primary Energy Demand 247 MWh	LCA Fact Sheet
Dacia Sandero Sce 75 Access… Sce 75 Access petrol 4x2 manual	Average Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 51 tons CO₂-eq	Best Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 39 tons CO₂-eq	Worst Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 57 tons CO₂-eq	Average Total Primary Energy Demand 203 MWh	Best Total Primary Energy Demand 155 MWh	Worst Total Primary Energy Demand 229 MWh	LCA Fact Sheet
DS 3 Crossback 1.5 BlueHDi… 1.5 BlueHDi diesel 4x2 automatic	Average Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 50 tons CO₂-eq	Best Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 41 tons CO₂-eq	Worst Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 58 tons CO₂-eq	Average Total Primary Energy Demand 197 MWh	Best Total Primary Energy Demand 163 MWh	Worst Total Primary Energy Demand 229 MWh	LCA Fact Sheet
FIAT 500e 87 kW electric… 87 kW electric 4x2 automatic	Average Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 29 tons CO₂-eq	Best Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 24 tons CO₂-eq	Worst Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 32 tons CO₂-eq	Average Total Primary Energy Demand 162 MWh	Best Total Primary Energy Demand 126 MWh	Worst Total Primary Energy Demand 189 MWh	LCA Fact Sheet
FIAT Panda 1.2 8V… 1.2 8V petrol 4x2 manual	Average Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 51 tons CO₂-eq	Best Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 41 tons CO₂-eq	Worst Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 57 tons CO₂-eq	Average Total Primary Energy Demand 205 MWh	Best Total Primary Energy Demand 163 MWh	Worst Total Primary Energy Demand 228 MWh	LCA Fact Sheet
Ford Kuga 2.0 EcoBlue… 2.0 EcoBlue ST-Line diesel 4x2 manual	Average Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 53 tons CO₂-eq	Best Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 48 tons CO₂-eq	Worst Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 61 tons CO₂-eq	Average Total Primary Energy Demand 208 MWh	Best Total Primary Energy Demand 187 MWh	Worst Total Primary Energy Demand 241 MWh	LCA Fact Sheet
Ford Mustang Mach-E electric… electric 4x4 automatic	Average Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 42 tons CO₂-eq	Best Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 39 tons CO₂-eq	Worst Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 51 tons CO₂-eq	Average Total Primary Energy Demand 231 MWh	Best Total Primary Energy Demand 208 MWh	Worst Total Primary Energy Demand 295 MWh	LCA Fact Sheet
Ford Puma Titanium… Titanium petrol 4x2 manual	Average Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 49 tons CO₂-eq	Best Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 45 tons CO₂-eq	Worst Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 58 tons CO₂-eq	Average Total Primary Energy Demand 198 MWh	Best Total Primary Energy Demand 178 MWh	Worst Total Primary Energy Demand 232 MWh	LCA Fact Sheet
Honda Civic 1.0 Turbo… 1.0 Turbo petrol 4x2 manual	Average Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 56 tons CO₂-eq	Best Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 51 tons CO₂-eq	Worst Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 62 tons CO₂-eq	Average Total Primary Energy Demand 223 MWh	Best Total Primary Energy Demand 204 MWh	Worst Total Primary Energy Demand 249 MWh	LCA Fact Sheet
Honda Jazz 1.5 i-MMD hybrid… 1.5 i-MMD hybrid 4x2 CVT	Average Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 46 tons CO₂-eq	Best Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 37 tons CO₂-eq	Worst Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 59 tons CO₂-eq	Average Total Primary Energy Demand 183 MWh	Best Total Primary Energy Demand 146 MWh	Worst Total Primary Energy Demand 237 MWh	LCA Fact Sheet
Hyundai NEXO hydrogen… hydrogen 4x2 automatic	Average Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 56 tons CO₂-eq	Best Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 38 tons CO₂-eq	Worst Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 67 tons CO₂-eq	Average Total Primary Energy Demand 261 MWh	Best Total Primary Energy Demand 169 MWh	Worst Total Primary Energy Demand 313 MWh	LCA Fact Sheet
Hyundai TUCSON 1.6 GDI… 1.6 GDI petrol 4x2 manual	Average Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 68 tons CO₂-eq	Best Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 63 tons CO₂-eq	Worst Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 76 tons CO₂-eq	Average Total Primary Energy Demand 271 MWh	Best Total Primary Energy Demand 251 MWh	Worst Total Primary Energy Demand 303 MWh	LCA Fact Sheet
Kia Niro 1.6 GDI PHEV… 1.6 GDI plug-in hybrid 4x2 automatic	Average Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 46 tons CO₂-eq	Best Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 32 tons CO₂-eq	Worst Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 64 tons CO₂-eq	Average Total Primary Energy Demand 194 MWh	Best Total Primary Energy Demand 132 MWh	Worst Total Primary Energy Demand 268 MWh	LCA Fact Sheet
Land Rover Discovery Sport D180 2.0… D180 2.0 diesel 4x4 automatic	Average Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 71 tons CO₂-eq	Best Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 61 tons CO₂-eq	Worst Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 76 tons CO₂-eq	Average Total Primary Energy Demand 281 MWh	Best Total Primary Energy Demand 239 MWh	Worst Total Primary Energy Demand 301 MWh	LCA Fact Sheet
Lexus UX 300e electric… electric 4x2 automatic	Average Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 35 tons CO₂-eq	Best Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 28 tons CO₂-eq	Worst Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 45 tons CO₂-eq	Average Total Primary Energy Demand 196 MWh	Best Total Primary Energy Demand 143 MWh	Worst Total Primary Energy Demand 262 MWh	LCA Fact Sheet
MAZDA CX-30 Skyactiv-X 180… Skyactiv-X 180 petrol 4x2 manual	Average Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 60 tons CO₂-eq	Best Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 48 tons CO₂-eq	Worst Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 69 tons CO₂-eq	Average Total Primary Energy Demand 240 MWh	Best Total Primary Energy Demand 190 MWh	Worst Total Primary Energy Demand 276 MWh	LCA Fact Sheet
MAZDA2 Skyactiv-G 55kW… Skyactiv-G 55kW petrol 4x2 manual	Average Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 45 tons CO₂-eq	Best Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 43 tons CO₂-eq	Worst Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 50 tons CO₂-eq	Average Total Primary Energy Demand 182 MWh	Best Total Primary Energy Demand 173 MWh	Worst Total Primary Energy Demand 202 MWh	LCA Fact Sheet
Mercedes-Benz A-Class A180d… A180d diesel 4x2 automatic	Average Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 49 tons CO₂-eq	Best Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 43 tons CO₂-eq	Worst Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 56 tons CO₂-eq	Average Total Primary Energy Demand 192 MWh	Best Total Primary Energy Demand 167 MWh	Worst Total Primary Energy Demand 220 MWh	LCA Fact Sheet
MINI Cooper Steptronic… Steptronic petrol 4x2 automatic	Average Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 56 tons CO₂-eq	Best Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 43 tons CO₂-eq	Worst Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 63 tons CO₂-eq	Average Total Primary Energy Demand 226 MWh	Best Total Primary Energy Demand 170 MWh	Worst Total Primary Energy Demand 252 MWh	LCA Fact Sheet
Mitsubishi Outlander 2.4 PHEV … 2.4 plug-in hybrid 4x4 CVT	Average Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 70 tons CO₂-eq	Best Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 48 tons CO₂-eq	Worst Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 88 tons CO₂-eq	Average Total Primary Energy Demand 293 MWh	Best Total Primary Energy Demand 201 MWh	Worst Total Primary Energy Demand 371 MWh	LCA Fact Sheet
Nissan LEAF e+ A03 electric… A03 electric 4x2 automatic	Average Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 34 tons CO₂-eq	Best Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 31 tons CO₂-eq	Worst Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 41 tons CO₂-eq	Average Total Primary Energy Demand 187 MWh	Best Total Primary Energy Demand 163 MWh	Worst Total Primary Energy Demand 239 MWh	LCA Fact Sheet
Opel/Vauxhall Corsa 1.2 DI Turbo… 1.2 DI Turbo petrol 4x2 automatic	Average Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 51 tons CO₂-eq	Best Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 44 tons CO₂-eq	Worst Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 59 tons CO₂-eq	Average Total Primary Energy Demand 204 MWh	Best Total Primary Energy Demand 176 MWh	Worst Total Primary Energy Demand 237 MWh	LCA Fact Sheet
Peugeot 208 1.5 Blue HDI 100… 1.5 Blue HDI 100 diesel 4x2 manual	Average Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 43 tons CO₂-eq	Best Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 37 tons CO₂-eq	Worst Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 48 tons CO₂-eq	Average Total Primary Energy Demand 169 MWh	Best Total Primary Energy Demand 144 MWh	Worst Total Primary Energy Demand 191 MWh	LCA Fact Sheet
Renault Captur E-TECH 160 Plug-In Intens… E-TECH 160 Plug-In Intens plug-in hybrid 4x2 automatic	Average Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 49 tons CO₂-eq	Best Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 37 tons CO₂-eq	Worst Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 65 tons CO₂-eq	Average Total Primary Energy Demand 209 MWh	Best Total Primary Energy Demand 157 MWh	Worst Total Primary Energy Demand 278 MWh	LCA Fact Sheet
SEAT Leon Sportstourer 2.0 TDI … Sportstourer 2.0 TDI DSG diesel 4x2 automatic	Average Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 48 tons CO₂-eq	Best Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 43 tons CO₂-eq	Worst Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 54 tons CO₂-eq	Average Total Primary Energy Demand 190 MWh	Best Total Primary Energy Demand 170 MWh	Worst Total Primary Energy Demand 214 MWh	LCA Fact Sheet
Škoda Fabia 1.0 TSI… 1.0 TSI petrol 4x2 manual	Average Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 49 tons CO₂-eq	Best Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 41 tons CO₂-eq	Worst Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 56 tons CO₂-eq	Average Total Primary Energy Demand 195 MWh	Best Total Primary Energy Demand 162 MWh	Worst Total Primary Energy Demand 223 MWh	LCA Fact Sheet
Škoda Octavia Combi 2.0 TDI… Combi 2.0 TDI diesel 4x2 manual	Average Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 42 tons CO₂-eq	Best Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 38 tons CO₂-eq	Worst Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 49 tons CO₂-eq	Average Total Primary Energy Demand 164 MWh	Best Total Primary Energy Demand 151 MWh	Worst Total Primary Energy Demand 193 MWh	LCA Fact Sheet
Toyota Prius 1.8 PHEV… 1.8 plug-in hybrid 4x2 CVT	Average Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 39 tons CO₂-eq	Best Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 29 tons CO₂-eq	Worst Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 54 tons CO₂-eq	Average Total Primary Energy Demand 166 MWh	Best Total Primary Energy Demand 122 MWh	Worst Total Primary Energy Demand 230 MWh	LCA Fact Sheet
Toyota Yaris 1.5 hybrid… 1.5 hybrid 4x2 CVT	Average Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 44 tons CO₂-eq	Best Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 35 tons CO₂-eq	Worst Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 55 tons CO₂-eq	Average Total Primary Energy Demand 175 MWh	Best Total Primary Energy Demand 140 MWh	Worst Total Primary Energy Demand 220 MWh	LCA Fact Sheet
Volvo XC60 B4 … B4 diesel 4x4 automatic	Average Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 69 tons CO₂-eq	Best Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 60 tons CO₂-eq	Worst Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 81 tons CO₂-eq	Average Total Primary Energy Demand 270 MWh	Best Total Primary Energy Demand 233 MWh	Worst Total Primary Energy Demand 316 MWh	LCA Fact Sheet
VW Golf 1.5 TSI… 1.5 TSI petrol 4x2 manual	Average Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 48 tons CO₂-eq	Best Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 40 tons CO₂-eq	Worst Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 52 tons CO₂-eq	Average Total Primary Energy Demand 190 MWh	Best Total Primary Energy Demand 159 MWh	Worst Total Primary Energy Demand 206 MWh	LCA Fact Sheet
VW Golf GTE 180 kW plug-in hybrid… GTE 180 kW plug-in hybrid 4x2 automatic	Average Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 52 tons CO₂-eq	Best Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 30 tons CO₂-eq	Worst Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 71 tons CO₂-eq	Average Total Primary Energy Demand 218 MWh	Best Total Primary Energy Demand 121 MWh	Worst Total Primary Energy Demand 303 MWh	LCA Fact Sheet
VW ID.3 PRO 150 kW electric… PRO 150 kW electric 4x2 automatic	Average Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 32 tons CO₂-eq	Best Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 30 tons CO₂-eq	Worst Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 46 tons CO₂-eq	Average Total Primary Energy Demand 173 MWh	Best Total Primary Energy Demand 156 MWh	Worst Total Primary Energy Demand 274 MWh	LCA Fact Sheet

All values in the table below are approximate

2020	Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions			Total Primary Energy Demand
Make & Model	Average	Best	Worst	Average	Best	Worst	LCA Fact Sheet
Audi A4 Avant g-tron Avant 40 g-tron 2.0… Avant 40 g-tron 2.0 CNG 4x2 automatic	Average Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 52 tons CO₂-eq	Best Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 45 tons CO₂-eq	Worst Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 58 tons CO₂-eq	Average Total Primary Energy Demand 229 MWh	Best Total Primary Energy Demand 201 MWh	Worst Total Primary Energy Demand 261 MWh	LCA Fact Sheet
BMW 3 Series 320d… 320d diesel 4x2 automatic	Average Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 51 tons CO₂-eq	Best Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 46 tons CO₂-eq	Worst Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 60 tons CO₂-eq	Average Total Primary Energy Demand 199 MWh	Best Total Primary Energy Demand 177 MWh	Worst Total Primary Energy Demand 233 MWh	LCA Fact Sheet
Dacia Duster BLUE dCi 115… Blue dCi 115 diesel 4x2 manual	Average Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 54 tons CO₂-eq	Best Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 40 tons CO₂-eq	Worst Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 65 tons CO₂-eq	Average Total Primary Energy Demand 215 MWh	Best Total Primary Energy Demand 159 MWh	Worst Total Primary Energy Demand 258 MWh	LCA Fact Sheet
Honda CR-V 2.0 i-MMD hybrid… 2.0 i-MMD hybrid 4x2 CVT	Average Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 62 tons CO₂-eq	Best Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 52 tons CO₂-eq	Worst Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 77 tons CO₂-eq	Average Total Primary Energy Demand 249 MWh	Best Total Primary Energy Demand 208 MWh	Worst Total Primary Energy Demand 310 MWh	LCA Fact Sheet
Hyundai KONA Electric 39.2 kWh… 39.2 kWh electric 4x2 automatic	Average Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 31 tons CO₂-eq	Best Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 25 tons CO₂-eq	Worst Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 37 tons CO₂-eq	Average Total Primary Energy Demand 176 MWh	Best Total Primary Energy Demand 129 MWh	Worst Total Primary Energy Demand 218 MWh	LCA Fact Sheet
Jeep Renegade 1.6 Multijet… 1.6 Multijet diesel 4x2 manual	Average Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 57 tons CO₂-eq	Best Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 47 tons CO₂-eq	Worst Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 64 tons CO₂-eq	Average Total Primary Energy Demand 221 MWh	Best Total Primary Energy Demand 182 MWh	Worst Total Primary Energy Demand 251 MWh	LCA Fact Sheet
Kia Sportage 1.6 CRDi… 1.6 CRDi diesel 4x4 automatic	Average Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 65 tons CO₂-eq	Best Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 51 tons CO₂-eq	Worst Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 75 tons CO₂-eq	Average Total Primary Energy Demand 254 MWh	Best Total Primary Energy Demand 197 MWh	Worst Total Primary Energy Demand 293 MWh	LCA Fact Sheet
MAZDA CX-5 Skyactiv-G 165… Skyactiv-G 165 petrol 4x2 manual	Average Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 63 tons CO₂-eq	Best Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 53 tons CO₂-eq	Worst Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 71 tons CO₂-eq	Average Total Primary Energy Demand 253 MWh	Best Total Primary Energy Demand 212 MWh	Worst Total Primary Energy Demand 285 MWh	LCA Fact Sheet
Mercedes-Benz C-Class C220d… C220d 9G-TRONIC diesel 4x2 automatic	Average Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 51 tons CO₂-eq	Best Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 41 tons CO₂-eq	Worst Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 64 tons CO₂-eq	Average Total Primary Energy Demand 202 MWh	Best Total Primary Energy Demand 162 MWh	Worst Total Primary Energy Demand 251 MWh	LCA Fact Sheet
Mercedes-Benz V-Class V250d… V250d diesel 4x2 automatic	Average Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 80 tons CO₂-eq	Best Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 61 tons CO₂-eq	Worst Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 95 tons CO₂-eq	Average Total Primary Energy Demand 315 MWh	Best Total Primary Energy Demand 238 MWh	Worst Total Primary Energy Demand 374 MWh	LCA Fact Sheet
Nissan Qashqai 1.3 DIGT… 1.3 DIGT petrol 4x2 manual	Average Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 60 tons CO₂-eq	Best Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 53 tons CO₂-eq	Worst Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 64 tons CO₂-eq	Average Total Primary Energy Demand 239 MWh	Best Total Primary Energy Demand 210 MWh	Worst Total Primary Energy Demand 257 MWh	LCA Fact Sheet
Opel/Vauxhall Zafira Life S 2.0 … S 2.0 diesel 4x2 automatic	Average Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 80 tons CO₂-eq	Best Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 66 tons CO₂-eq	Worst Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 91 tons CO₂-eq	Average Total Primary Energy Demand 313 MWh	Best Total Primary Energy Demand 259 MWh	Worst Total Primary Energy Demand 360 MWh	LCA Fact Sheet
Peugeot 2008 1.2 PureTech 110… 1.2 PureTech 110 petrol 4x2 manual	Average Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 53 tons CO₂-eq	Best Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 42 tons CO₂-eq	Worst Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 60 tons CO₂-eq	Average Total Primary Energy Demand 211 MWh	Best Total Primary Energy Demand 169 MWh	Worst Total Primary Energy Demand 243 MWh	LCA Fact Sheet
Peugeot 208 1.2 PureTech 100… 1.2 PureTech 100 petrol 4x2 manual	Average Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 48 tons CO₂-eq	Best Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 42 tons CO₂-eq	Worst Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 58 tons CO₂-eq	Average Total Primary Energy Demand 192 MWh	Best Total Primary Energy Demand 168 MWh	Worst Total Primary Energy Demand 232 MWh	LCA Fact Sheet
Peugeot 3008 1.5 BlueHDI 130… 1.5 BlueHDI 130 diesel 4x2 automatic	Average Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 53 tons CO₂-eq	Best Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 43 tons CO₂-eq	Worst Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 62 tons CO₂-eq	Average Total Primary Energy Demand 210 MWh	Best Total Primary Energy Demand 170 MWh	Worst Total Primary Energy Demand 244 MWh	LCA Fact Sheet
Renault Captur 1.3 TCe 130 … 1.3 TCe 130 petrol 4x2 manual	Average Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 57 tons CO₂-eq	Best Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 49 tons CO₂-eq	Worst Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 63 tons CO₂-eq	Average Total Primary Energy Demand 227 MWh	Best Total Primary Energy Demand 196 MWh	Worst Total Primary Energy Demand 252 MWh	LCA Fact Sheet
Renault Clio TCe 100… TCe 100 petrol 4x2 manual	Average Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 47 tons CO₂-eq	Best Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 40 tons CO₂-eq	Worst Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 53 tons CO₂-eq	Average Total Primary Energy Demand 187 MWh	Best Total Primary Energy Demand 161 MWh	Worst Total Primary Energy Demand 212 MWh	LCA Fact Sheet
Renault ZOE R110 ZE50… R110 ZE50 electric 4x2 automatic	Average Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 32 tons CO₂-eq	Best Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 26 tons CO₂-eq	Worst Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 37 tons CO₂-eq	Average Total Primary Energy Demand 177 MWh	Best Total Primary Energy Demand 137 MWh	Worst Total Primary Energy Demand 218 MWh	LCA Fact Sheet
SEAT Ibiza 1.0 TGI… 1.0 TGI CNG 4x2 manual	Average Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 42 tons CO₂-eq	Best Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 40 tons CO₂-eq	Worst Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 46 tons CO₂-eq	Average Total Primary Energy Demand 186 MWh	Best Total Primary Energy Demand 180 MWh	Worst Total Primary Energy Demand 208 MWh	LCA Fact Sheet
Suzuki Vitara 1.0 Boosterjet … 1.0 Boosterjet petrol 4x2 manual	Average Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 57 tons CO₂-eq	Best Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 42 tons CO₂-eq	Worst Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 67 tons CO₂-eq	Average Total Primary Energy Demand 227 MWh	Best Total Primary Energy Demand 169 MWh	Worst Total Primary Energy Demand 271 MWh	LCA Fact Sheet
Toyota C-HR 1.8 hybrid… 1.8 hybrid 4x2 automatic	Average Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 48 tons CO₂-eq	Best Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 38 tons CO₂-eq	Worst Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 60 tons CO₂-eq	Average Total Primary Energy Demand 191 MWh	Best Total Primary Energy Demand 151 MWh	Worst Total Primary Energy Demand 239 MWh	LCA Fact Sheet
VW Passat 2.0 TDI DSG… 2.0 TDI DSG diesel 4x2 automatic	Average Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 56 tons CO₂-eq	Best Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 47 tons CO₂-eq	Worst Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 63 tons CO₂-eq	Average Total Primary Energy Demand 222 MWh	Best Total Primary Energy Demand 183 MWh	Worst Total Primary Energy Demand 249 MWh	LCA Fact Sheet
VW Polo 1.0 TSI… 1.0 TSI petrol 4x2 manual	Average Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 50 tons CO₂-eq	Best Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 39 tons CO₂-eq	Worst Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 57 tons CO₂-eq	Average Total Primary Energy Demand 200 MWh	Best Total Primary Energy Demand 154 MWh	Worst Total Primary Energy Demand 227 MWh	LCA Fact Sheet
VW Transporter California 6.1 2.0… California 6.1 2.0 TDI diesel 4X4 automatic	Average Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 88 tons CO₂-eq	Best Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 72 tons CO₂-eq	Worst Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 100 tons CO₂-eq	Average Total Primary Energy Demand 347 MWh	Best Total Primary Energy Demand 283 MWh	Worst Total Primary Energy Demand 396 MWh	LCA Fact Sheet

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